Duniya - Babban TDI: Tushen Gine-gine Mai Muhimmanci a Masana'antar Polyurethane

Abubuwan Jiki da Sinadarai

Bayyanar da Ƙamshi: TDI yawanci yana fitowa a matsayin ruwa mai haske mara launi ko kuma ɗan rawaya kaɗan, mai kama da wuta. Yana fitar da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi, mai ban haushi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar alamar ji ta kasancewarsa.
Narkewa da Amsawa: Ana iya haɗa shi cikin sauƙi da nau'ikan sinadarai masu narkewa kamar ethanol (tare da ruɓewa), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethyl ether, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chlorobenzene, kerosene, da man zaitun. Ɗaya daga cikin halayen sinadarai mafi mahimmanci shine amsawarsa da ruwa, amsawar da ke samar da iskar carbon dioxide. Bugu da ƙari, TDI na iya amsawa cikin sauri tare da mahadi waɗanda ke ɗauke da atom ɗin hydrogen masu aiki, siffa da ake amfani da ita a cikin ayyukan masana'antu da yawa.
Muhimman Abubuwan da ke Cike da Jiki: TDI yana da wurin tafasa na kimanin 247℃, wanda ke ƙayyade zafin da yake canzawa daga ruwa zuwa yanayin iskar gas a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na yanayi na yau da kullun. Matsayin narkewarsa yana tsakanin 19.5 zuwa 21.5℃, yana nuna zafin da yake ƙasa da shi. Matsayin walƙiya na TDI shine 127℃, ma'ana a wannan zafin, yana iya samar da tururi mai ƙonewa a gaban tushen wuta. Tare da yawan da ya kai 1.217, ya fi ruwa yawa, wanda ke da tasiri ga sarrafawa da rabuwarsa a cikin mahallin masana'antu da muhalli.

Yankunan Aikace-aikace

Samar da Kumfa na Polyurethane: TDI ita ce ginshiƙin samar da kumfa mai ƙarfi na polyurethane, wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin masana'antu da yawa. A fannin kayan daki, kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane da aka yi da TDI su ne kayan da aka fi so don ƙirƙirar matashin kai mai daɗi da tallafi a cikin sofas, kujerun hannu, da katifu. A masana'antar kera motoci, ana amfani da waɗannan kumfa a cikin kujerun mota, suna ba da kwanciyar hankali da aminci ta hanyar shan girgiza yayin tuki. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da kumfa mai ƙarfi na polyurethane da aka yi da TDI a aikace-aikacen rufi, kamar a cikin firiji da kayan rufin gini, saboda kyawawan halayensu na rufi mai zafi.
Rufi da Manne: TDI tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar rufin da manne masu aiki da yawa. A cikin masana'antar rufin, ana amfani da polyurethanes masu tushen TDI don ƙirƙirar rufin da ke da ɗorewa, mai jure karce, da kuma juriya ga sinadarai iri-iri, gami da ƙarfe, robobi, da itace. Ana amfani da waɗannan rufin a cikin kammala motoci, rufin bene, da kuma rufin kayan aikin masana'antu. A kasuwar manne, ana daraja manne masu ɗauke da TDI saboda ƙarfin haɗinsu. Ana amfani da su wajen haɗa kayan daki, haɗa kayan mota, da kuma a masana'antar gini don haɗa kayan gini daban-daban.
Masana'antar Elastomer: Ana amfani da TDI don samar da polyurethane elastomers, waɗanda ke haɗa halayen roba da filastik. Waɗannan elastomers suna samun aikace-aikace a wurare da yawa, kamar a samar da tafin takalma, inda suke ba da sassauci mai kyau, dorewa, da kuma shaƙar girgiza. Haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen ƙera hatimi da gaskets na masana'antu, inda juriyarsu ga sinadarai, gogewa, da yanayin zafi mai yawa ya sa suka dace da amfani a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.

Hanyoyin Shiri

Hanyoyin Phosgenation na Gargajiya
2,4 - Hanyar Amino Toluene: Tsarin yana farawa da narkewar amino toluene 2,4 sannan a narkar da shi a cikin chlorobenzene. Sannan ana yin wannan maganin da phosgene a cikin matakai biyu. Da farko, amsawar ƙarancin zafin jiki yana faruwa a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 35 - 45℃. Daga nan, amsawar zafin jiki mai girma yana faruwa a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 130℃. Bayan an kammala amsawar, ana shigar da iskar nitrogen don fitar da duk wani hydrogen chloride da ba ya amsawa da phosgene mai yawa. Sannan ana narkar da chlorobenzene, kuma matakin ƙarshe ya haɗa da narkar da injin don samun tsantsar TDI.
Hanyar Nitro Toluene: A cikin wannan hanyar, ana fara haɗa nitro toluene da nitrate sannan a rage shi don samun diaminotoluene 2,4. Wannan tsaka-tsakin ana yin phosgenation, inda yake yin hulɗa da phosgene don samar da TDI. Sannan ana sarrafa cakuda amsawar don raba da tsarkake samfurin TDI.
Hanyoyi Masu Sauyawa Masu Fitowa
Hanyoyin da ba na Phosgene ba: A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙara mai da hankali kan haɓaka hanyoyin da ba na phosgene ba don samar da TDI a ƙoƙarin rage tasirin muhalli da ke tattare da amfani da phosgene. Misali, wasu bincike suna bincika amfani da madadin reagents da yanayin amsawa don ƙirƙirar TDI ba tare da buƙatar phosgene ba. Duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin har yanzu suna cikin matakin ci gaba kuma har yanzu ba su cimma nasarar kasuwanci ba tukuna.

Matakan kariya

Hatsarin Lafiya: Tururin TDI yana haifar da manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Yana da matuƙar tayar da hankali ga idanu, fata, da hanyoyin numfashi. Tsawon lokaci ko kuma akai-akai na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya masu tsanani, gami da matsalolin numfashi kamar su mashako, asma - kamar alamu, kuma a wasu lokuta, har ma da mawuyacin yanayi kamar bronchiectasis da cututtukan zuciya na huhu. Misali, an nuna cewa beraye da ke fuskantar yawan da ke cikin (0.5 - 1) × 10⁻⁶ na tsawon awanni 6 a rana, sama da kwanaki 5 - 10, sun kamu da cutar. A cikin mutane, shaƙar yawan da ke ƙasa da 0.0005mg/L na iya haifar da tari mai tsanani da kuma ƙarancin numfashi.

Hadarin Fashewa da Wuta: TDI ruwa ne mai kama da wuta, kuma tururinsa na iya samar da gauraye masu fashewa da iska. Idan aka fallasa shi ga harshen wuta, tartsatsin wuta, ko zafi mai zafi, akwai babban haɗarin ƙonewa da fashewa. Saboda haka, hanyoyin ajiya da sarrafa su da kyau suna da mahimmanci don hana irin waɗannan haɗarin.
Ajiya da Kulawa: Ya kamata a adana TDI a cikin wani wuri mai sanyi da iska mai kyau wanda ke nesa da hasken rana kai tsaye, hanyoyin zafi, da hanyoyin kunna wuta. Dole ne a rufe kwantena na ajiya sosai don hana zubar tururi. Ganin yadda yake amsawa da ruwa da sauran abubuwa, ya kamata a adana shi daban da kayan da za su iya yin illa da shi, kamar sinadarai masu hana iska shiga. Yayin sarrafawa, ya kamata a sanya kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa, gami da safar hannu masu juriya ga sinadarai, gilashin kariya, da kariyar numfashi, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta.

Bayani dalla-dalla

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